Huckleberry Finn: Freedom Essay

Imprint Twain talks about numerous questionable circumstances in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, one of them being opportunity and how having it doesn't really make you free. His portrayal of opportunity is appeared through the numerous different characters all through the novel, similar to Huck and Jim. Twain shows that you are not liberated from society or man, regardless of what your identity is. Society anticipates that everybody should fulfill their guidelines. They need individuals to be their concept of â€Å"perfect† and on the off chance that you don’t fulfill their guidelines, you are thought of and outsider. Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twain’s best model with regards to not being liberated from society. All through the whole novel, Huck was constrained to get cultivated by nearly everybody he experiences. For instance, Miss Watson and Widow Douglas receive Huck in order to be ready to give him a genuine family. In any case, a â€Å"real† family is one that is enlightened. The two ladies power Huck to dress in â€Å"regular† garments, show him petitions, and send him off to class. By doing the entirety of this, the ladies are stripping ceaselessly the boys’ opportunity to be a person. He loathed this obviously, saying â€Å"But it was unpleasant living in a house all the time†¦and so when I couldn’t stand it no more, I lit out. I got into my old clothes, and my sugar-hogshead once more, and was free and satisfied† (1). Huck can't be who he really needs to be, autonomous and living ceaselessly from others, since he doesn't have the opportunity to. Miss Watson and Widow Douglas are so stressed over what society needs that they neglect to stress over what Huck needs. Society nearly makes a type of a perfect world, and in the event that you don’t fit in you’re a pariah. In a perfect world, there is nothing of the sort as a â€Å"outcast†; everybody must be the equivalent. With that, Society is compelling everybody to dispose of their singularity, and become precisely like every other person. Imprint Twain utilizes Huckleberry to show this. He has Huck experience different circumstances where he is compelled to become socialized like every other person, however has Huck beaten it by staying with what his identity is. Twain accepts that everybody is losing their opportunity to one another and he trusts, similar to Huck does before the finish of the book, that everybody makes sense of who they are before it is past the point of no return. Just as having no opportunity due to society, Huckleberry Finn encounters his opportunity being removed by man. At the point when his dad, Pap, returns to town, he needs to remove Huck. In spite of the fact that he thought it wouldn’t be permitted, an appointed authority parts with Huck to Pap without his assent or feeling.

Is Human Cloning the Answer? :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Is Human Cloning the Answer? That relies on the inquiry. As of late there was a significant advancement in the logical research - the mapping of all DNA in a human quality is finished. Couple of years back, this appears to be an inconceivable assignment for researcher to triumph over. This upheaval in science persuades that the day, when the person will be cloned, isn't far away. Human cloning has consistently been an issue of discussion, be it as far as morally or strictly. Investigating why cloning may be gainful, among numerous cases, it is doubtful that guardians who are known to be in danger of passing a hereditary imperfection to a kid could utilize cloning. A prepared ovum could be cloned, and the copy tried for the malady or turmoil. On the off chance that the clone was liberated from hereditary imperfections, at that point the other clone would be too. The last could be embedded in the lady and permitted to develop to term. Additionally, cloning would empower barren couples to have offspring of their own as opposed to utilizing sperm of another man. Cloning people would likewise imply that organs could be cloned, so it would be a wellspring of flawless transplant organs. This, definitely would be colossally advantageous to a huge number of heartbreaking individuals around the globe that are relied upon to lose their lives because of disappointment of single (or more) organ(s). It is likewise questionable that a prohibition on cloning might be unlawful and would deny individuals of the option to replicate and confine the opportunity of researchers. Contentions against cloning are likewise on an impeccably practical side. Basically, I accept that cloning would mediate with the ordinary 'pattern' of life. There would be huge number of indistinguishable qualities, which limits the odds of transformation, and, thusly, advancement - the key explanation how living things normally adjust to the ever-evolving condition. Life forms neglecting to do so may bring about less than ideal elimination. Moreover, cloning would dispose of the uniqueness that every single one of us forces. Therefore, prompting formation of hereditarily designed gatherings of individuals for explicit purposes and, odds are, that those people would be viewed as 'objects' as opposed to individuals in the general public in fantastic scope.

Tacoma

Tacoma Tacoma t?ko ´m? [key], city (1990 pop. 176,664), seat of Pierce co., W Wash., on Commencement Bay and Puget Sound at the mouth of the Puyallup River; inc. 1884. It is a major seaport and railroad terminus and one of the chief industrial cities in the Northwest. Once known as the lumber capital of America, it is still an important center for forest-products industries, with a growing high-technology sector and diversified light and heavy manufacturing. There are also shipyards and many docks. Points of interest include Point Defiance Park, containing a zoo, an aquarium, a Japanese garden, and a reconstruction of Fort Nisqually (1833); an arboretum; a number of art galleries; and the state historical society museum. Tacoma is the seat of the Univ. of Puget Sound, Pacific Lutheran Univ., and a campus of the Univ. of Washington. A project begun in the 1990s has gone far to rehabilitate the downtown waterfront and is highlighted by the dramatic Museum of Glass: International Center for Contemporary Art (2002). The Tacoma Art Museum (2003) and the Greater Tacoma Convention and Trade Center (2004) are also part of the project. A lilac festival is held annually in the city. Tacoma is the gateway to Mt. Rainier National Park and many recreational areas. The Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge links the city with the Olympic Peninsula; it replaced Galloping Gertie, which collapsed (1940) in a windstorm four months after it opened. McChord Air Force Base, Fort Lewis (a major army training center), and Camp Murray (the state national guard headquarters) are nearby. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Horace Mann s The Father Of Common School - 946 Words

Horace Mann was a social reformer who had many contributes to the education system. In 1837, the first ever Massachusetts state board of education was formed and Mann was chosen secretary. This was the beginning of a progressive movement in public education, this movement was often referred to as the Common School Movement. It began in the 1830’s and social reformers pushed for a more developed, tax-funded, secular public school system. Though Horace Mann was known as â€Å"The Father of Common School,† he faced many challenges in society during the 19h century. Mann’s ideals of a common educational experience also incorporated a model of values in education. This ideology was based on the Protestant values that have been been filtered†¦show more content†¦In addition to the difficulties that Mann’s faced with religion, he also faced many other problems with property and taxation. One of Mann’s most important arguments was included in his à ¢â‚¬Å"Tenth Annual Report,† he states that those who owned large property should pay there largest amount of their property tax to fund the common schools. He was not trying to convince the wealthy that this was good for business, but rather to express his anger about this situation. This situation has continued to bother public school people to the present day. The unwillingness of the wealthy to pay property and other taxes to fund public schools angered many. Some citizens who owned large properties disagreed with this taxation. They mentioned if they did not have children they should not be forced to pay an institution they would not use. Other oppositions came from those who have raised children and refused to pay for the education of other children. Also, those who sent their children to private schools refused to pay for an institution they did not support. Mann’s answer the all these objections was the same. He was not asking for those to support this instituti on but that this institution was not for the benefit of the individual, but for the benefit of them all. Man argued that if the state based laws on against infanticide, they should also enforce laws to support common schooling. â€Å"The principal that a

International Business Chapter 9 - 733 Words

1. What is the significance of determining whether a country follows the rule of law? Because it makes encouraging foreign investment easier because foreign businesses will know that their interests will be protected. Following the rule of law also makes ensuring protection of human rights of local people easier. 2. How does international law differ from national law? What are the sources of international law? International law includes legal relations between governments, including laws concerning diplomatic relations between nationals and all matters involving the rights and obligations of sovereign nations. Private international law would cover matters involved in a contract between businesses in two different countries.†¦show more content†¦Each international company must study and comply with the laws of each country where they may want to manufacture, create, or sell products. Each country deals with trade secrets differently and in their own fashion. 6. Often taxes are used for reasons other than raising revenues. What are the other purposes for which taxes are used? Nonrevenue taxes are used to redistribute income from one group to another in a country, to discourageShow MoreRelatedBusiness 115 Final Exam Study Guide Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesessay question should answer the question completely and average 2 – 3 paragraphs in length. The exam reflects the following course objectives and possible topics: TCO 1 Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13 and 15 Weeks 1, 2, 4 and 5 Given a description of a typical business, demonstrate how that business acts within our economic system to achieve its goals as well as those of society, along with an understanding of how the future may impact these goals. * Understand the relationshipRead MoreHp Value Chain Analysis1389 Words   |  6 Pagesmtsu.edu/telsconteligibility.htm, or contact the Financial Aid Office at 898-2830. Jennings A. Jones College of Business Mission The Jennings A. Jones College of Business seeks to provide the intellectual foundation for our students life-long learning and success. Drawing students extensively from the regional population with an increasing emphasis on national and international diversity, Jones College utilizes traditional and technology-based pedagogies to create a positive teaching/learningRead MoreBUSN115 Final Exam Study Guide1656 Words   |  7 Pagesessay question should answer the question completely and average 2 – 3 paragraphs in length. The exam reflects the following course objectives and possible topics: TCO 1 Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13 and 15 Weeks 1, 2, 4 and 5 Given a description of a typical business, demonstrate how that business acts within our economic system to achieve its goals as well as those of society, along with an understanding of how the future may impact these goals. 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In the past several years, Brazil has assumed a more prominent voice on globalRead MoreMarketing and Maine Media Workshops1120 Words   |  5 Pages FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE ACADEMIC YEAR 2011/2012 MAY 2012 TRIMESTER Bachelor of Marketing (Hons) Bachelor of Business Administration (Hons) Bachelor of Business Administration (Hons) Entrepreneurship Bachelor of Business Administration (Hons) Banking and Finance Bachelor of Commerce (Hons) Accounting Bachelor of Economics (Hons) Financial Economics Bachelor of International Business (Hons) Bachelor of Science (Hons) Logistics and International Shipping BachelorRead MoreLectures and Reading for My Class, Incoterms923 Words   |  4 PagesIn attending lectures and doing the required readings for Professor’s International Trade Operations class during the preceding month, I have, as before, acquired a great deal of knowledge regarding the in’s and out’s of international business. I found the lectures and readings on Incoterms to be of particular interest. As a bilingual and bicultural individual who was privileged enough to learn two languages and maintain my understanding of both Japanese and English well into my adult years, IRead MoreCritical Thinking And Case Studies1151 Words   |  5 Pagessome case study questions from chapter 7 and critical thinking discussion questions for chapters 8 and 9 of the Global Business Today text. These questions are for the individual week 3 assignment of our MBA 539 International Business class. These discussion questions are composed to increase the reader’s understanding of â€Å"the political economy of international trade†, â€Å"foreign direct investment† and â€Å"regional economic integration† as explained within Global Business Today (Hill, C., 2014). U.S.

AP Art History Free Essays

Assyrian king, Sargon II gained tremendous power in a coup against his brother. In celebration of his victory, and in a shameless promotion of his power, he erected or rather commissioned a massive citadel with seven gates in the city of Dur Sharrukin (modern-day Khorsabad, Iraq). Each gate was guarded by a pair of alabaster Lamassu, a creature with the body of a bull, wings of a bird of prey, legs of a lion, and the face of Sargon II himself. We will write a custom essay sample on AP Art History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over two centuries prior, the greywacke Palette of King Narmer was in circulation around a newly unified Egypt. Both works were created in celebration of a monarch’s power but did so ways exemplary of their respective culture. The Palette of King Narmer uses extensive symbolism to represent the power he had at the time. In Egypt, the power of a ruler was directly tied to the gods, which brings up the first symbol used on the palette, two cows in the top register of either side. Cows are the symbol of the goddess Hathor, the principal deity of joy, music, and motherhood. Between the cows is the hieroglyph for Narmer. All of this together strongly suggests that Narmer was implying a familial relation to Hathor, and thus giving him the status and power of a god. Other symbols include the hedjet of upper Egypt that he wears on the front; the deshret of lower Egypt that he wears on the back; Narmer as a bull, a symbol of power used for centuries, destroying a fortified city; and feline creatures with long, intertwined necks being tamed representing the unification of upper and lower Egypt. All in all, the use of symbolism in the Palette of King Narmer seems to heavily insinuate that he had dominion over all of Egypt, that he could defeat any foe, and that he was directly connected to the gods, which are all notions of the power of the Pharaoh that have been perpetuated throughout all of ancient Egyptian history. The Lamassu, from the citadel of Sargon II, also uses a fair amount is symbolism. First of all, the head is topped with horns, a symbol of gods. Secondly, the body is a bull, which, as previously mentioned, is a symbol of power. The other creatures grafted together to make the Lamassu, the bird of prey and lion, were added to show that Sargon II was fierce and powerful and to scare those wishing to enter the citadel. Not only is the Lamassu a hybrid creature, but it is also depicted in composite style, meaning it is a hybrid of viewpoints. From the front, it appears to be standing nobly and from the side, it is taking a stride. This illusion is accomplished by the addition of a fifth leg that you can’t see from the front and one of the front legs you can’t see from the side. Inscriptions on the Lamassu praise Sargon II and curse any who would wish to harm him. This representation of Sargon II is typical of Assyrian art depicting a leader; powerful as a bull, fierce as a lion, cunning and swift as a bird of prey. They viewed their leaders as being equal to the gods in power. In contrast, Egyptians viewed their leaders as gods themselves, while Mesopotamians saw them only as equal to gods. Visually, they could not differ more; one is a massive alabaster statue, and the other is a small greywacke makeup palette. However, they are very similar in the way that they represent power through symbols. The bull is a symbol of power used in both works. Both works have depictions remnant of their respective gods, no doubt to compare the leaders in the works to a god. Both works celebrated a conquest of sorts, but the Palette of King Narmer was commissioned in small scale for personal use, and the Lamassu was commissioned as a large scale ornamentation. It is clear that both cultures held tied to power deep in their religion. How to cite AP Art History, Papers AP art history Free Essays

The Hound of the Baskervilles Essay Example For Students

The Hound of the Baskervilles Essay The Hound of the Baskervilles, written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, was a Sherlock Holmes story. The novel was the only book in the Sherlock Holmes series to combine both gothic and detective genres. Most of Doyles other novels were either detective or adventure stories. Sherlock Holmes stories were very popular during the Victorian period so too were gothic stories. Combining the two categories made the book very popular. Gothic stories involve mysterious happenings and creatures thought of as evil. Devils, bats and beasts are used in gothic literature. They include things such as the supernatural (this could be some sort of ghost or unnatural being), the ill treatment of women (such as rape, this creates a sense of evil), deception, mystery and secrecy. There are many gothic features in The Hound of the Baskervilles, such as the legendary hound, which is thought to be hunting down the Baskervilles. The legend began when Hugo Baskerville died. The night he died he attempted to rape a maiden and she escaped. Hugo decided to set his hounds on the maiden. He mysteriously died and the hound was to blame. We will write a custom essay on The Hound of the Baskervilles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This creates gothic sensations such as a supernatural being and ill treatment of women, which both are included in gothic literature. The settings and atmosphere were very important in gothic novels. The Hound of the Baskervilles is set on a mysteriously forbidding moor. The atmosphere is full of tension and deception. In the novel there are many secrets and lies. This makes the reader suspicious and curious of the happenings in the book. Another gothic feature in The Hound of the Baskervilles is the presence of evil tyrants. A tyrant is somebody who uses his or her power cruelly. The tyrants in the novel consisted of Hugo Baskerville and Stapleton. The Hound of the Baskervilles is crowded with deception, mystery and secrecy. There are many mysterious characters and secretive acts in the novel, such as the secrecy with Stapleton and Beryl, the convict Selden, the Barrymores and many more. The hound in The Hound of the Baskervilles is described as the Hound from hell. This suggests the hound is evil to describe it as being from hell. It is also believed to be giant and deadly. The 200 year old legend of the hound proves that the hound is supernatural, as it is impossible for a hound to live that long. In the novel the hound is believed to be a myth, but many believe in the hound or say they have seen the hound. This element of doubt adds to the suspense in the novel. The Victorians were very interested in the supernatural; it was a main feature in the gothic genre. They enjoyed reading shocking and disturbing tales. As far as the Victorians were concerned an interesting book must contain gothic content.

Comedy used in O`Brother Where Art Thou essays

Comedy used in O`Brother Where Art Thou essays The film O Brother Where Art Thou is a comedic adventure based on the Odyssey by Homer, to whom credit is given. The comedy in this film differs from many other movies. In films such as Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back or any given Jim Carrey comedy the elements of comedy are very obvious and easily laughed at. However, in O Brother Where Art Thou the comedy leans towards being more sophisticate and stereotypical, often being very subtle. While there is the slapstick of two men beaten with a club by John Goodman, who plays a one-eyed Bible salesman, it never fully contributes to the overall humor of the film. The attack of Big Dan played by John Goodman is not the only example of slapstick in this movie. Others include the gang unexpectedly falling out of a train the group is attempting to hitch a ride on. Ulysses, played by George Clooney, seems to be the object of slapstick pain continually, as in another example in this film he fights the seemingly nerd like suitor to his wife and is horribly beaten. The comedy is further escalated in this scene when most of the pummeling takes place off camera as the viewer sees the battled over wife watch the brawl. Fights and falls are, however, not the real substance to the comedic value of this film. Most of the hilarity occurs in subtle satire, mostly exaggerated stereotypes, and often evasive irony. Examples of this irony include the group being saved by their own casket, which they were told to share. Another, more subtle example, is the devil-like man preparing to kill them is in turn killed by water Pete and Delmar believe was sent by God. And while the bible salesman is killed by a burning cross at a KKK meeting, this is not the only incident of racial situations in the film. The stereotype given to Blacks in the 1930s in demonstrated by the blind radio manager, who would not let the group play if they were mostly negros. Another stereotype is the crazy incumbent ...

The Benefits of Paper Recycling

The Benefits of Paper Recycling Paper recycling has been around for a long time. Actually, when you think about it, paper has been a recycled product from the very beginning. For the first 1,800 years or so that paper existed, it was always made from discarded materials. What Are the Most Significant Benefits of Paper Recycling? Recycling paper conserves natural resources, saves energy, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and keeps landfill space free for other types of trash that cant be recycled. Recycling one ton of paper can save 17 trees, 7,000 gallons of water, 380 gallons of oil, 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space and 4,000 kilowatts of energy - enough to power the average U.S. home for six months - and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one metric ton of carbon equivalent (MTCE). Who Invented Paper? A Chinese official named Tsai Lun was the first person to make what we would consider paper. In 105 AD, at Lei-Yang, China, Tsai Lun stirred together a combination of rags, used fishing nets, hemp and grass to make the first real paper the world had ever seen. Before Tsai Lun invented paper, people wrote on papyrus, a natural reed used by ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans to create the paper-like material from which paper derives its name. Those first sheets of paper Tsai Lun made were pretty rough, but over the next few centuries, as papermaking spread throughout Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, the process improved and so did the quality of the paper produced. When Did Paper Recycling Begin? Papermaking and producing paper from recycled materials came to the United States simultaneously in 1690. William Rittenhouse learned to make paper in Germany and founded Americas first paper mill on Monoshone Creek near Germantown, which is now Philadelphia. Rittenhouse made his paper from discarded rags of cotton and linen. It wasnt until the 1800s that people in the United States started making paper from trees and wood fiber. On April 28, 1800, an English papermaker named Matthias Koops was granted the first patent for paper recycling - English patent no. 2392, titled Extracting Ink from Paper and Converting such Paper into Pulp. In his patent application, Koops described his process as, An invention made by me of extracting printing and writing ink from printed and written paper, and converting the paper from which the ink is extracted into pulp, and making thereof paper fit for writing, printing, and other purposes. In 1801, Koops opened a mill in England that was the first in the world to produce paper from material other than cotton and linen rags - specifically from recycled paper. Two years later, the Koops mill declared bankruptcy and closed, but Koops patented paper-recycling process was later used by paper mills all over the world. Municipal paper recycling started in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1874, as part of the nations first curbside recycling program. And in 1896, the first recycling center opened in New York City. From those early efforts, paper recycling has continued to grow until, today, more paper is recycled (if measured by weight) than all of the glass, plastic, and aluminum combined. How Much Paper Is Recycled Every Year? In 2014, 65.4 percent of the paper used in the United States was recovered for recycling, for a total of 51 million tons. Thats a 90 percent increase in the recovery rate since 1990, according to the American Forest Paper Association. Approximately 80 percent of U.S. paper mills use some recovered paper fiber to produce new paper and paperboard products. How Many Times Can the Same Paper Be Recycled? Paper recycling does have limits. Every time paper is recycled, the fiber becomes shorter, weaker and more brittle. In general, paper can be recycled up to seven times before it must be discarded. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

The Reasons of Abolishing Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Reasons of Abolishing Marriage - Essay Example The other thing that is proposed by the author of the article is to allow marriage between two men of the same sex, to let three men get married, or let a person marry himself etc. This argument destroys the notion of a civil marriage as of a cell integrated into the society and, to some extent, detached from the adjacent cells. It is necessary to have a definition of what marriage is, of the relations that connect the spouses and the nature of the relations between them. Originally the marriage as the social institution was seen as a union of a man and woman who love each other and join to live together and give birth to children. This understanding of the marriage and family defined traditional state policies that are directed to the support of families and the kids. In case this traditional notion of the marriage is lost, the social system of supporting the family will be destroyed and replaced by nothing. The sense of a family as regards to the society in general will be lost als o. As the author admits, the abolishing of the civil marriage may lead to a mess in the sphere of the relations between the members of the family in case of living together, as well as in case of divorce. Moreover, it would be impossible to define the degree of the responsibility that in civil marriage lies upon the parents towards their children. The questions concerning the inheritance often confuse the judges at present, so it is impossible to conceive what the situation would be when nobody knows what relations connect the members of the so-called family.

Reality TV in relation to television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reality TV in relation to television - Essay Example As mentioned earlier, the concept of surveillance society has influenced reality TV greatly due to the relationship that exists between the two (Lyon, 2001). For most of the time, TV shows come to the audience in a well scripted and practiced format. Because of this, it becomes very difficult to know what actually takes place in the lives of participants in a very normal life situation. Because such forms of TV programmes are the commonest, the audience finds it difficult to satisfy their surveillance society demands, which demands that they will know what goes on in the lives of people as realistic agents of society. In a study, Trottier (2011) noted that most audiences are constantly looking for the answer to the question of how other people will behave if the people found themselves in situations that audience found themselves in real life. To get a candid answer to such questions, social surveillance becomes the tool that can be used. This is because the concept of surveillance s ociety requires that people will be monitored in their most natural environments. Using reality TV shows â€Å"Big Brother UK†, audience come face to face with how other people behave in everyday natural situations. Basing on Foucault’s idea of a panopticon, however, reality TV may be subdivided into those that inmates are aware they are being surveyed and those that they are not. This is because, from the concept of a panopticon, those who are being monitored are not expected to be aware that there is any surveillance on them.

Properties of Topological Insulating Material: Bi2Te3-PANI

Properties of Topological Insulating Material: Bi2Te3-PANI Synthesis, Characterization and Electrical properties of a Composite of Topological Insulating Material: Bi2Te3-PANI R. R. Urkudea[*], P. T. Patilb, S. B. Kondawarb, U. A. Palikundwara[† ] aX-ray Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India bPolymer Nanotech Laboratory, Department of Physics, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India Abstract In the present work, we carried out a systematic study of structure, UV-Vis Spectra and surface conductivity of pure Bi2Te3, pure Polyaniline (PANI) and Bi2Te3 (5%)-PANI (95%) composite. Bi2Te3 was synthesized by a method similar to solvothermal method, whereas, pure PANI and Bi2Te3-PANI composite were synthesized by a chemical oxidative method. The materials were structurally characterized and the electrical properties were investigated in the temperature range from room temperature to 100 °C. The electrical conductivity of the Bi2Te3-PANI composite is found to be higher than that of its pure constituents at all the temperatures. The enhancement in the surface conductivity may be due to the PANI generated ordered molecular arrangement of Bi2Te3 in the Bi2Te3-PANI composite, as confirmed from powder x-ray diffraction, UV–vis spectral analysis.  © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the International Conference on Nanomaterials and Technologies (CNT 2014). Keywords: Topological insulators; Bismuth telluride; thermoelectric material; Polyaniline composites; electrical conductivity. 1. Introduction Topological insulators (TIs) are electronic materials that have a bulk band gap like an ordinary insulator but have protected conducting states on their edge or surface (Hasan and Kane, 2010). Most of the current researches are focused on the materials, like Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), Antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) and Bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) due to the topological insulating properties exhibited by them. Bi2Te3 is one of the best TI materials. It is a semiconducting compound with narrow bulk band gap of 0.2 eV. It is also a good material for thermoelectric applications (Das and Soundararajan, 1988). It has shown a drastic change in its thermoelectric properties when it is doped with Polyaniline (PANI) (Li et al., 2011). It has also given added advantages of polymers like inexpensiveness, intrinsically low thermal conductivity, flexibility and good processability etc. (Marjanovic et al., 2013). Various research workers have attempted to synthesize and characterize composites of Bi2Te3 with polyaniline (Zhao et al., 2002; Xu et al., 2005; Hostler et al., 2006; Chatterjee et al., 2009; Toshima et al., 2011). Very recently, mechanical blending method was employed by Li et al. (2011) for the synthesis of Bi2Te3–PANI; they found that the power factor of the composite is less than both of the individual components. However, a report on the synthesis of a Bi2Te3 and PANI hybrid by physical mixing and solution mixing showed a higher power factor in the case of the physical mixture (Toshima et al., 2011). Though there is a vast literature available on the TE properties of Bi2Te3-PANI composites, experimental reports on TI Properties of the composites are not available. Based on this background, in the present work, we carried out a systematic study of structure, UV-Vis Spectra and surface conductivity of Bi2Te3 (5%)-PANI (95%) composite, pure Bi2Te3 and pure PANI. Bi2Te3 was synthesized by a method similar to solvothermal method (Deng et al., 2002), whereas, pure PANI and Bi2Te3-PANI composite were synthesized by a chemical oxidative method (Stejskal and Gilbert, 2002). The materials were structurally characterized and the electrical properties were investigated in the temperature range from room temperature to 100 °C. The electrical conductivity of the Bi2Te3-PANI composite is found to be higher than that of its pure constituents at all the temperatures. The enhancement in the surface conductivity may be due to the construction of highly ordered chain structures of PANI on Bi2Te3, as confirmed from powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectral analysis. 2. Experimental details 2.1 Materials used Bismuth chloride (BiCl3), Tellurium (Te) metal powder, Potassium hydroxide (KOH), Sodium borohydrate (NaBH4), N-N dimethylformamide (DMF), Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Aniline (C6H5NH2), Acetone [(CH3)2.CO], Methanol (CH3OH) were purchased from Merck Chemicals. Ammonium persulphate [(NH4)2S2O8] was purchased from Hi-media. All the chemicals were of analytical reagent grade and are used without further purification, except aniline which was purified prior to use. 2.2 Preparation of Bi2Te3 A mixture of BiCl3 (10 mmol), Te powder (15 mmol), KOH (80 mmol) and NaBH4 (30 mmol) were put into a beaker of 100 ml capacity. The beaker was then filled with N-N dimethylformamide (DMF) up to 90 ml and was kept into a muffle furnace. Temperature of the furnace was maintained at 100-180 °C for 24 hours and was then slowly cooled to the room temperature. The product was filtered, washed with double distilled water and dried in vacuum oven at 80 °C for 12 hours. 2.3 Preparation of pure PANI and Bi2Te3 PANI Composite PANI was synthesized by using chemical oxidative method (Stejskal and Gilbert, 2002) 0.2 mol Aniline with 0.25 mol Ammonium persulphate was oxidized in acidic aqueous medium. Aniline and Ammonium persulphate were dissolved, separately, in 50 ml solution of 1.0 mol HCl in double distilled water. Both the solutions were kept at room temperature for 1h and were mixed together in a beaker. During the process, the colour of the solution changed from colourless to light blue and then to dark green. The solution was briefly stirred and was left to polymerize for 24 h. The precipitate of PANI was collected on a filter paper, washed with distilled water, then with 20 ml of 0.1M HCl and with Methanol. PANI (emeraldine salt) powder was dried in vacuum oven at 80 °C. A similar procedure was followed for the synthesis of Bi2Te3-PANI composite, but this time Bi2Te3 was introduced in aniline solution. 3. Characterization 3.1 Structural characterization The samples were structurally characterized by XRD and UV–vis spectral analyses. XRD measurements were performed using a Diffractometer (Rigaku Miniflex II x-ray Diffractometer) with Cu KÃŽ ± radiation (ÃŽ » = 1.541838 A °). The UV–vis spectra of the prepared samples were recorded by a spectrophotometer (UV-1800 Shimatzu Spectrophotometer) using samples dissolved in dimethyl formamide in a quartz cuvette. 3.2 Electrical characterization All the prepared samples were pressed at pressure less than 5 tonnes, at room temperature, to form the compacted pellets for measurement of the electrical conductivity. The measurements were carried out, in the temperature range 20-100  °C, by standard four-probe method with constant current source kept at 2 mA. 4. Results and Discussions 4.1 Powder X-ray diffraction Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of Bi2Te3, pure PANI and Bi2Te3-PANI composite. All the peaks of the pattern for Bi2Te3 can be indexed in rhombohedral structure (JCPDS No: 015-0863) with unit cell parameters: a = 4.358A °; b = 4.358A ° and c = 30.48A °. Broad peaks at 22 ° and 25 ° for pure PANI are observed, which are due to the repeat unit of monomer. Compared with the pure PANI, only one peak is clearly observed at 25 °, the same position, in the XRD pattern of Bi2Te3-PANI composite. The observation of a single peak is related to the monodistribution of the periodicity of the repeat unit of the PANI and ordering of the molecular arrangement of the Bi2Te3 in the PANI matrix (Talwar et al., 2014). This suggests that PANI generate an ordered molecular arrangement of Bi2Te3 in the Bi2Te3-PANI composite. Figure 1 XRD patterns of Pure PANI, Pure Bi2Te3 and Bi2Te3-PANI composite 4.2 UV-vis spectroscopy Figure 2 shows the UV–vis spectra of the samples used to explore the electronic states of Bi2Te3, pure PANI and the Bi2Te3-PANI composite. A characteristic band centred at 697 nm, a shoulder at 478 nm, corresponding to a polaronic transition (polaron- Ï€*) and a band around at 389 nm, assigned to the π–π* electron orbital transition are observed in Bi2Te3-PANI composite. In comparison with UV–vis spectra of the pure PANI: a band around 385 nm, assigned to the π–π* electron orbital transition, shifts to longer wavelength at 389 nm in Bi2Te3-PANI composite. The polaronic transition (polaron- Ï€*) is absent in the pure PANI but is observed in Bi2Te3-PANI composite. These show an interaction between the quinoid ring of PANI and Bi2Te3 (Xia and Wang, 2003). This is a signature of an ordered molecular arrangement in Bi2Te3-PANI composite and it is the purely surface conducting state. Figure 2 UV-vis spectra of Pure PANI, Bi2Te3 and Bi2Te3-PANI composite 4.3 Electrical characterization Figure 3 Variation of the electrical conductivity with temperature of Bi2Te3, PANI and Bi2Te3-PANI composite. The variations of electrical conductivity as a function of temperature of the prepared samples are shown in figure 3. The value of electrical conductivity for Bi2Te3 slightly decreases with the increase in the temperature. However, both PANI and Bi2Te3-PANI composite show increase in the value of electrical conductivity with temperature. The electrical conductivity of the Bi2Te3-PANI composite is higher than that of its pure constituents over a whole temperature range. The enhancement in the surface conductivity indicates the increase in protected states at the surface compared to that of the pure Bi2Te3. This may be due to the large surface provided to the Bi2Te3 by the PANI generated ordered molecular arrangement of Bi2Te3 in the Bi2Te3-PANI composite. 5. Conclusions In conclusion, we carried out a systematic study of structure, UV-Vis Spectra and surface conductivity of Bi2Te3 (5%)-PANI (95%) composite, pure Bi2Te3 and pure PANI. Bi2Te3 was synthesized by a method similar to solvothermal method, whereas, pure PANI and Bi2Te3-PANI composite were synthesized by a chemical oxidative method. The materials were structurally characterized and the electrical properties were investigated in the temperature range from room temperature to 100 °C. The electrical conductivity of the Bi2Te3-PANI composite was found to be higher than that of its pure constituents at all the temperatures. The enhancement in the surface conductivity may be due to the PANI generated ordered molecular arrangement of Bi2Te3 in the Bi2Te3-PANI composite, as confirmed from powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectral analysis. Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to thank Dr. S. B. Kondawar for helpful discussions. This work was supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, under women scientist scheme-A (WOS-A), File No. SR/WOS-A/PM-1001/2014. References Chatterjee K., Suresh A., Ganguly S., Kargupta K., Banerjee D., 2009. Bismuth nitrate doped polyaniline – Characterization and properties for thermoelectric application. Mater. Charact. 60, 597–601. Das Damodara V., Soundararajan N., 1988. Size and temperature effects on the thermoelectric power and electrical resistivity of bismuth telluride thin films, Phys. Rev. B 37, 4552-9. Deng Yuan, Xi-song Zhou, Guo-dan Wei, Jing Liu, Ce-Wen Nan, Shu-jing Zhao 2002. Solvothermal preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline Bi2Te3 powder with different morphology, J. of Phy. and chem. of Solids. 63, 2119-2121. Hasan, M., Z., Kane, C., L., 2010. Colloquium: Topological insulators, Reviews of modern physics 82, 3045-23. Hostler S., R., Kaul P., Day K., Qu V., Cullen C., Abramson A., R., 2006. Thermal and electrical characterization of nanocomposites for thermoelectric, IEEE ITHERM 07803295, 24, 1400–5. Li Y., Zhao Q., Wang Y., Bi K., 2011. Synthesis and characterization of Bi2Te3/Polyaniline composites, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Proc. 14, 219-222. Marjanovic, G., C., 2013. Recent advances in polyaniline composites with metals, metalloids and nonmetals, Synthetic Metals 170, 31-56 Stejskal J., Gilbert R.., G., 2002. Polyaniline: Preparation of a Conducting Polymer, Pure Appl. Chem. 74, 857-867. Talwar V., Singh O., Singh R., C., 2014. ZnO assisted polyaniline nanofibers and its application as ammonia gas sensor, Sensors and Actuators: B 191, 276-282. Toshima N., Imai M., Ichikawa S., 2011. Organic–Inorganic Nanohybrids as Novel Thermoelectric Materials: Hybrids of Polyaniline and Bismuth (III) Telluride Nanoparticles, J. Electron. Mater. 40, 898–902. Xia H., Wang Q., 2003. Preparation of Conductive Polyaniline/ Nanosilica particle composites through Ultrasonic Trradiation, J. Appl. Polym. Sci 87, 1811-7. Xu X., Chen L., Wang C., Yao Q., Feng C., J., 2005. Template synthesis of heterostructured polyaniline/Bi2Te3 nanowires, Solid State Chem. 178, 2163-6. Zhao X., B., Hu S., H., Zhao M., J., Zhu T., J., 2002. Thermoelectric properties of Bi0.5Sb1.5 Te3/Polyaniline hybrids prepared by Mechanical blending, Mater. Lett. 52, 147–9. [*]* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9921491567; fax: +0-000-000-0000 . E-mail address: [emailprotected] [† ] Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9890155077; fax: +0-000-000-0000 . E-mail address: [emailprotected] [S1]Elsevier to update with volume and page numbers.

Foodborne Illness Short Answer Questions

Complete answers to questions below: What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? For example, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite. The process of infection can be broken down into stages, each of which can be blocked by different defense mechanisms. In the first stage, a new host is exposed to infectious particles shed by an infected individual. The number, route, mode of transmission, and stability of an infectious agent outside the host determines its infectivity.Some pathogens, such as anthrax, are spread by spores that are highly resistant to heat and drying, while others, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are spread only by the exchange of bodily fluids or tissues because they are unable to survive as infectious agents outside the body. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Infectious pathogens include some viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions.These pathogens are the cause of disease epidemics, in the sense that without the pathogen, no infectious epidemic occurs. The term infectivity describes the ability of an organism to enter, survive and multiply in the host, while the infectiousness of a disease indicates the comparative ease with which the disease is transmitted to other hosts. Transmission of pathogen can occur in various ways including physical contact, contaminated food, body fluids, objects, airborne inhalation, or through vector organisms What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States?In early October 2012, the Clark County Public Health Department (â€Å"the health department†) received the first reports of a cluster of Salmonella Virchow infections occurring in the county. Additional reports came in rapidly, and by October 9, interviews of ill persons indicated that the source of the developing outbreak was the On the Border restaurant in Vancouver, Wa shington. On October 9, On the Border temporarily ceased operation. Dr. Alan Melnick, Clark County Health Officer, stated that the closure was â€Å"a further precaution to reduce the risk of Salmonella spreading to others. Meanwhile, health department staff continued to interview employees and patrons of the restaurant to learn more about the precise cause of the outbreak. The health department also continued its work with On the Border employees to make sure that standard control measures—e. g. hand-washing and environmental sanitation—were in place and effective, so that when the restaurant resumed operation it would not pose a continuing threat to the health of its patrons.As of the date of the restaurant’s closure on October 9, there were 11 confirmed and five probable cases of Salmonella Virchow infection linked to the consumption of food at the restaurant.  · What are the clinical symptoms, duration of the disease, and treatment if any? Viral hepatitis ; Infectious hepatitis The hepatitis A virus is found mostly in the stools and blood of an infected person about 15 – 45 days before symptoms occur and during the first week of illness.You can catch hepatitis A if: You eat or drink food or water that has been contaminated by stools (feces) containing the hepatitis A virus (fruits, vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the hepatitis A virus You come in contact with the stool or blood of a person who currently has the disease, A person with hepatitis, A does not wash his or her hands properly after going to the bathroom and touches other objects or food, You participate in sexual practices that involve oral-anal contact, About 3,600 cases of hepatitis A are reported each year.Because not everyone has symptoms with hepatitis A infection, many more people are infected than are diagnosed or reported. Risk factors include: International travel, especially to Asia or South or Central America IV drug use, living in a nursing home or rehabilitation center, working in a health care, food, or sewage industry What steps can be taken to prevent further outbreaks? Include individual as well as environmental precautions and methods. Preventing hepatitis A: The virus causing hepatitis A is mostly contracted through food and water.Therefore, proper hygiene is very important in this case. Drink filtered water that is free from any kind of germs and viruses. Make sure that the water which you are getting in your house is filtered properly. If you are travelling, then use only commercially bottled water that is sealed properly. Boiling the water before drinking is also helpful in killing the viruses that cause hepatitis. Wash your hands properly before touching any food items and after using the toilet. Follow proper sanitation in and around your house. Eat food that is cooked well and is fresh.

Decision Analysis The Decision - 1528 Words

Introduction Decision analysis provides powerful techniques to structure complex problems, identify optimal choices, and facilitate communication between the decision analyzer and the person makes the decision. One of the most important values of these techniques is that they enable decision making to be rational rather than intuitive or holistic. They provide a framework for rational decision making in an uncertain environment. As modern decision analysis has been studied for more than five decades, there has been significant improvements in the practices used. These methods have been implemented by companies and organizations and proved to be successful as well as constructive. However, there are also plenty of examples when the recommendation were not implemented or even if they were, they failed to truly support the decision maker(s). Kusnic and Owen found that the implementation rate decreases with the importance of the problem (1992). These cases, however, enabled scientists detect the major deficiencies of this approach, and helped them to work out new developments to help overcome these limitations. The aim of this paper is to give insight into the process of decision analysis with the help of real life examples and case studies, and show the extent to which the approach has proven to be beneficial. The paper also going to summarize the limitations of decision analysis as well as the techniques that have been developed over the time. The methods used Ronald A.Show MoreRelatedDecision Analysis Study6847 Words   |  28 Pagesï » ¿Decision Analysis Study Decision Analysis Study Introduction This paper will Be providinG a memo that includes many Tasks related To project planning and operations management. All memos are present accordingly to the separated tasks discussed. We will be using the case study of â€Å"Shuzworld†. 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Decision tree will be used in this analysis because it is a convenient way to lay out steps of a capacity problem. The decision tree format helps not only on understanding the problem but also in finding a solution.

Phrasal Verb Definition and Examples in English

A phrasal verb is a  type of  compound  verb  made up of a verb (usually one of action or movement) and a prepositional adverb—also known as an adverbial particle. Phrasal verbs are sometimes called two-part verbs  (e.g., take off and leave out) or three-part verbs (e.g.,  look up to and look down on). There are hundreds of phrasal verbs in English, many of them (such as tear off, run out [of], and pull through) with multiple meanings. Indeed, as linguist Angela Downing points out, phrasal verbs are one of the most distinctive features of present-day informal English, both in their abundance and in their productivity (English Grammar: A University Course, 2014).  Phrasal verbs often appear in idioms. According to Logan Pearsall Smith in Words and Idioms (1925), the term phrasal verb was introduced by Henry Bradley, senior editor of the Oxford English Dictionary. ​​​Examples and Observations Mignon McLaughlin What you cant get out of, get into wholeheartedly. William Shakespeare Put out the light, and then put out the light. Frank Norris I never truckled; I never took off the hat to Fashion and held it out for pennies. By God, I told them the truth. K.C. Cole Clots of excited children egged each other on, egged on their parents, egged on the blue-haired ladies and the teenage lovers and janitor who put down his mop to play. Joseph Heller Major Major had never played basketball or any other game before, but his great, bobbing height and rapturous enthusiasm helped make up for his innate clumsiness and lack of experience. The Semantic Coherence of Phrasal Verbs Laurel J. Brinton Like compounds, phrasal verbs have semantic coherence, evidenced by the fact that they are sometimes replaceable by single Latinate verbs, as in the following: Furthermore, the meaning of the combination of verb and particle in the phrasal verb may be opaque, that is, not predictable from the meaning of the parts. – The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000) break out: erupt, escapecount out: excludethink up: imaginetake off: depart, removework out: solveput off: delayegg on: inciteput out: extinguishput off: postpone Phrasal Verbs With Up Ben Zimmer [P]hrasal verbs with up have filled a wide variety of roles in both British and American English. Up gets used for literal upward movement (lift up, stand up) or more figuratively to indicate greater intensity (stir up, fire up) or completion of an act (drink up, burn up). It’s particularly handy for blunt imperatives calling for resolute action: think of wake up!, grow up!, hurry up! and put up or shut up! – On Language: The Meaning of ‘Man Up. The New York Times Magazine, September 5, 2010 Phrasal Verbs and Prepositional Verbs A phrasal verb differs from a sequence of a verb and a preposition (a prepositional verb) in [these] respects. Here call up is a phrasal verb, while call on is only a verb plus a preposition:(R.L. Trask, Dictionary of English Grammar. Penguin, 2000) The particle in a phrasal verb is stressed: They called up the teacher, but not *They called on the teacher.The particle of a phrasal verb can be moved to the end: They called the teacher up, but not *They called the teacher on.The simple verb of a phrasal verb may not be separated from its particle by an adverb: *They called early up the teacher is no good, but They called early on the teacher is fine. Also Known As: compound verb, verb-adverb combination, verb-particle combination, two-part verb, three-part verb